This PR changes how LLVM intrinsics are codegen

Explanation of the changes

Current procedure

This is the same for all functions, LLVM intrinsics are not treated specially

• We get the LLVM Type of a function simply using the argument types. For example, the following function

  #[link_name = "llvm.sqrt.f32"]
  fn sqrtf32(a: f32) -> f32;

  will have LLVM type simply f32 (f32) due to the Rust signature

Pros

• Simpler to implement, no extra complexity involved due to LLVM intrinsics

Cons

• LLVM intrinsics have a well-defined signature, completely defined by their name (and if it is overloaded, the type parameters). So, this process of converting Rust signatures to LLVM signatures may not work, for example the following code generates LLVM IR without any problem

  #[link_name = "llvm.sqrt.f32"]
  fn sqrtf32(a: i32) -> f32;

  but the generated LLVM IR is invalid, because it has wrong signature for the intrinsic (Godbolt, adding -Zverify-llvm-ir to it will fail compilation). I would expect this code to not compile at all instead of generating invalid IR.
• LLVM intrinsics that have types in their signature that can't be accessed from Rust (notable examples are the AMX intrinsics that have the x86amx type, and (almost) all intrinsics that have vectors of i1 types) can't be linked to at all. This is a (major?) roadblock in the AMX and AVX512 support in stdarch.
• If code uses an non-existing LLVM intrinsic, even -Zverify-llvm-ir won't complain. Eventually it will error out due to the non-existing function (courtesy of the linker). I don't think this is a behavior we want.

What this PR does

• When linking to non-overloaded intrinsics, we use the function LLVMIntrinsicGetType to directly get the function type of the intrinsic from LLVM.
• We then use this LLVM definition to verify the Rust signature, and emit a proper error if it doesn't match, instead of silently emitting invalid IR.
• Lint if linking to deprecated or invalid LLVM intrinsics

Regardless, the undermentioned functionalities work for all intrinsics

• If we can't find the intrinsic, we check if it has been AutoUpgraded by LLVM. If not, that means it is an invalid intrinsic, and we error out.
• Don't allow intrinsics from other archs to be declared, e.g. error out if an AArch64 intrinsic is declared when we are compiling for x86

Pros

• It is now not possible (or at least, it would require significantly more leaps and bounds) to introduce invalid IR using non-overloaded LLVM intrinsics.
• As we are now doing the matching of Rust signatures to LLVM intrinsics ourselves, we can now add bypasses to enable linking to such non-Rust types (e.g. matching 8192-bit vectors to x86amx and injecting llvm.x86.cast.vector.to.tile and llvm.x86.cast.tile.to.vectors in callsite)

This PR adds bypasses for bf16 (via i16), bf16xN (via i16xN) and i1xN (via iM, where M is the smallest power of 2 s.t. M >= N, unless N <= 4, where we use M = 8). This will unblock AVX512-VP2INTERSECT and a lot of bf16 intrinsics in stdarch. This PR also automatically destructures structs if the types don't exactly match (this is required for us to start emitting hard errors on mismmatches).

Cons

• This only works for non-overloaded intrinsics (at least for now). Improving this to work with overloaded intrinsics too will involve significantly more work.

Possible ways to extend this to overloaded intrinsics (future)

Parse the mangled intrinsic name to get the type parameters

LLVM has a stable mangling of intrinsic names with type parameters (in LLVMIntrinsicCopyOverloadedName2), so we can parse the name to get the type parameters, and then just do the same thing.

Pros

• For most intrinsics, this will work perfectly, and is a easy way to do this.

Cons

• The LLVM mangling is not perfectly reversible. When we have TargetExt types or identified structs, their name is a part of the mangling, making it impossible to reverse. Even more complexities arise when there are unnamed identified structs, as LLVM adds more mangling to the names.
• @nikic's work on LLVM intrinsics will remove the name mangling, making this approach impossible

Use the IITDescriptor table and the Rust function signature

We can use the base name to get the IITDescriptors of the corresponding intrinsic, and then manually implement the matching logic based on the Rust signature.

Pros

• Doesn't have the above mentioned limitation of the parsing approach, has correct behavior even when there are identified structs and TargetExt types. Also, fun fact, Rust exports all struct types as literal structs (unless it is emitting LLVM IR, then it always uses named identified structs, with mangled names)

Cons

• Doesn't actually use the type parameters in the name, only uses the base name and the Rust signature to get the llvm signature (although we can check that it is the correct name). It means there would be no way to (for example) link against llvm.sqrt.bf16 until we have bf16 types in Rust. Because if we are using u16s (or any other type) as bf16s, then the matcher will deduce that the signature is u16 (u16) not bf16 (bf16) (which would lead to an error because u16 is not a valid type parameter for llvm.sqrt), even though the intended type parameter is specified in the name.
• Much more complex, and hard to maintain as LLVM gets new IITDescriptorKinds

These 2 approaches might give different results for same function. Let's take

#[link_name = "llvm.is.constant.bf16"]
fn foo(a: u16) -> bool

The name-based approach will decide that the type parameter is bf16, and the LLVM signature is i1 (bf16) and will inject some bitcasts at callsite.
The IITDescriptor-based approach will decide that the LLVM signature is i1 (u16), and will see that the name given doesn't match the expected name (llvm.is.constant.u16), and will error out.

Other things that this PR does

• Removes unnecessary bitcasts in cg_llvm/builder::check_call (now renamed as cast_arguments due to its new counterpart cast_return). This was old code from when Rust used to pass non-erased lifetimes to LLVM.

Reviews are welcome, as this is my first time actually contributing to rustc

After CI is green, we would need a try build and a rustc-perf run.

@rustbot label T-compiler A-codegen A-LLVM
r? codegen